A STUDY OF STOOL SAMPLE FROM HIV POSITIVE AND HIV NEGATIVE AT ANDHRA PRADESH.

 Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the variations, if any, in the types of intestinal parasites in HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals.Methods: For their HIV status in our laboratory by enzyme-linked immunoasorbant assay and TRIDOT, sample stool, macroscopic and microscopic examination, formal-ether concentration technique f, saline wet mount, iodine wet mount, modified acid-fast stain. Results: For the purpose of statistical analysis, the enteric parasites are divided into the coccidian group (Cryptosporidium+Isospora belli) and conventional enteric parasites (Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia intestinalis, and Ascaris lumbricoides), and enteric parasitic infection is more common in HIV-positive patients with diarrhea than HIV-positive patient without diarrhea or HIV-negative individuals.Conclusion: The study period of 1 year and 8 months revealed that it is difficult to locate/identify a HIV-positive person in a place like Kadapa on account of confidentiality/lack of awareness among the population. Detection of intestinal parasites is 17.3% in HIV-positive patients and 12% in HIV-negative individuals

A STUDY OF URINE FROM HIV-POSITIVE AND HIV-NEGATIVE INDIVIDUALS AT ANDHRA PRADESH

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the variations, if any, in urinary bacterial pathogens in HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals.Methods: Urine sample, macroscopic and microscopic examination for identification of bacteria use by method of Standard loop method, using identification methods, Grams-staining, Biochemical tests.Results: Out of 75 HIV-positive males, 52 males were married, 23 males were unmarried; risk factors are sexually 28, occupationally majority were labor, 31, age group more in 19-25 age, only 9 HIV-positive patients presented with symptoms of urinary tract infection, Escherichia coli was the most frequently occurring bacterial isolate from positive urine culture followed by Klebsiella spp.Conclusion: The study period of 1 year and 8 months revealed that it is difficult to locate/identify an HIV-positive person in a place like Kadapa on account of confidentiality/lack of awareness among the population. Having identified the HIV-positive cases, collection of urine samples from the patients also needed counseling and intervention by the respective clinicians, especially when patients were not having any symptoms. Out of 50 HIV-negative individuals, only 1 (2%) urine sample is showing significant bacteriuria

PREVALENCE OF FUNGAL IN OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION HIV TYPE-1 IN SUBURBAN, KADAPA

Objective: Isolate fungal element causing in opportunistic infection of human immunodeficiency virus and correlated with CD4 cell counts.Methods: Different samples are used and media: Sabouraud dextrose agar, using mycological methods such as potassium hydroxide, lactophenol cotton blue mount, India ink preparation, and Gram-staining.Results: Both bacterial and fungal isolates were obtained from 8 cases. Pneumococci and Candida spp. were observed in 3 cases followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus in 2 cases, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Geotrichum spp., Pneumococci and Penicillium spp., and Acinetobacter baumannii, and Cryptococcus spp. from 1 case each. Only fungal isolates were obtained from 6 cases of sputum samples. Candida spp. (50%) were predominant fungal isolate followed by Aspergillus spp. (33.33%) and Cryptococcus spp. (16.66%). Cryptococcus spp. was the predominant fungal isolate (66.6%) followed by Candida pseudotropicalis (Kefyr) in 16.66% (1/6) and Acinetobacter spp. was isolated from 16.66 % (1/6).Conclusion: Respiratory infections were the predominant manifestations comprising chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and chronic cough. 66 individuals were with respiratory symptoms, of them 28 individuals had CD4 count 50-200/mm3, 22 had CD4 <50/mm3

Biomechanical comparison of nitinol compression staples versus fully threaded lag screws for talonavicular fusion

"Arthrodesis of the talonavicular joint is indicated for injury- and arthritis-related pain and is associated with consistently favorable outcomes. Current techniques for talonavicular arthrodesis vary, however, lag screw fixation is considered the reference standard. While nitinol compression staples have purported advantages for talonavicular arthrodesis, there is a relative paucity of data regarding their biomechanical performance compared to screw fixation. This study was designed to compare nitinol compression staples to fully threaded lag screws for use in talonavicular arthrodesis with respect to their biomechanical properties during functional testing."--Introduction

Childhood-onset Leber hereditary optic neuropathy

BACKGROUND: The onset of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is relatively rare in childhood. This study describes the clinical and molecular genetic features observed in this specific LHON subgroup. METHODS: Our retrospective study consisted of a UK paediatric LHON cohort of 27 patients and 69 additional cases identified from a systematic review of the literature. Patients were included if visual loss occurred at the age of 12 years or younger with a confirmed pathogenic mitochondrial DNA mutation: m.3460G>A, m.11778G>A or m.14484T>C. RESULTS: In the UK paediatric LHON cohort, three patterns of visual loss and progression were observed: (1) classical acute (17/27, 63%); (2) slowly progressive (4/27, 15%); and (3) insidious or subclinical (6/27, 22%). Diagnostic delays of 3-15 years occurred in children with an insidious mode of onset. Spontaneous visual recovery was more common in patients carrying the m.3460G>A and m.14484T>C mutations compared with the m.11778G>A mutation. Based a meta-analysis of 67 patients with available visual acuity data, 26 (39%) patients achieved a final best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ≥0.5 Snellen decimal in at least one eye, whereas 13 (19%) patients had a final BCVA <0.05 in their better seeing eye. CONCLUSIONS: Although childhood-onset LHON carries a relatively better visual prognosis, approximately 1 in 5 patients will remain within the visual acuity criteria for legal blindness in the UK. The clinical presentation can be insidious and LHON should be considered in the differential diagnosis when faced with a child with unexplained subnormal vision and optic disc pallor

Trace-gas metabolic versatility of the facultative methanotroph Methylocella silvestris

The climate-active gas methane is generated both by biological processes and by thermogenic decomposition of fossil organic material, which forms methane and short-chain alkanes, principally ethane, propane and butane1, 2. In addition to natural sources, environments are exposed to anthropogenic inputs of all these gases from oil and gas extraction and distribution. The gases provide carbon and/or energy for a diverse range of microorganisms that can metabolize them in both anoxic3 and oxic zones. Aerobic methanotrophs, which can assimilate methane, have been considered to be entirely distinct from utilizers of short-chain alkanes, and studies of environments exposed to mixtures of methane and multi-carbon alkanes have assumed that disparate groups of microorganisms are responsible for the metabolism of these gases. Here we describe the mechanism by which a single bacterial strain, Methylocella silvestris, can use methane or propane as a carbon and energy source, documenting a methanotroph that can utilize a short-chain alkane as an alternative to methane. Furthermore, during growth on a mixture of these gases, efficient consumption of both gases occurred at the same time. Two soluble di-iron centre monooxygenase (SDIMO) gene clusters were identified and were found to be differentially expressed during bacterial growth on these gases, although both were required for efficient propane utilization. This report of a methanotroph expressing an additional SDIMO that seems to be uniquely involved in short-chain alkane metabolism suggests that such metabolic flexibility may be important in many environments where methane and short-chain alkanes co-occur

Results of the seventh edition of the BioASQ Challenge

The results of the seventh edition of the BioASQ challenge are presented in this paper. The aim of the BioASQ challenge is the promotion of systems and methodologies through the organization of a challenge on the tasks of large-scale biomedical semantic indexing and question answering. In total, 30 teams with more than 100 systems participated in the challenge this year. As in previous years, the best systems were able to outperform the strong baselines. This suggests that state-of-the-art systems are continuously improving, pushing the frontier of research.Comment: 17 pages, 2 figure

Democratic Teacher Education Practices

[Living reference work entry] This entry provides an insight into the turbulent and recently disappointing events in the history of Design and Technology (D&T) teacher education in England over the last 150 years. It is a complex journey that needs to include a review of the generic history of teacher education in England, the differing educational needs of children, the changing role of D&T as a school curriculum subject, the requirements for an appropriately trained workforce to meet the economic needs of the country, and how various government educational initiatives and interventions (Gillard 2018) have affected how teachers in general and D&T teachers in particular have been and still are trained today. All these factors are inseparably intertwined. Therefore, this entry discusses them all together in chronological date order

Dietary Intake and Rural-Urban Migration in India: A Cross-Sectional Study

BACKGROUND: Migration from rural areas of India contributes to urbanisation and lifestyle change, and dietary changes may increase the risk of obesity and chronic diseases. We tested the hypothesis that rural-to-urban migrants have different macronutrient and food group intake to rural non-migrants, and that migrants have a diet more similar to urban non-migrants. METHODS AND FINDINGS: The diets of migrants of rural origin, their rural dwelling sibs, and those of urban origin together with their urban dwelling sibs were assessed by an interviewer-administered semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. A total of 6,509 participants were included. Median energy intake in the rural, migrant and urban groups was 2731, 3078, and 3224 kcal respectively for men, and 2153, 2504, and 2644 kcal for women (p<0.001). A similar trend was seen for overall intake of fat, protein and carbohydrates (p<0.001), though differences in the proportion of energy from these nutrients were <2%. Migrant and urban participants reported up to 80% higher fruit and vegetable intake than rural participants (p<0.001), and up to 35% higher sugar intake (p<0.001). Meat and dairy intake were higher in migrant and urban participants than rural participants (p<0.001), but varied by region. Sibling-pair analyses confirmed these results. There was no evidence of associations with time in urban area. CONCLUSIONS: Rural to urban migration appears to be associated with both positive (higher fruit and vegetables intake) and negative (higher energy and fat intake) dietary changes. These changes may be of relevance to cardiovascular health and warrant public health interventions